A CASE STUDY OF KANO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BY
GAMBO SULAIMAN DIP/LIS/16/007
MUBARAK SANI IBRAHIM DIP/LIS/16/023
RUKAYYA AUWAL SANI DIP/LIS/16/033
DECEMBER, 2018.
AUTOMATION REQUIREMENT AND CHALLENGES OF NIGERIAN LAIBRARIES
A CASE STUDY OF KANO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCEC, SCHOOL OF GENERAL STUDIES, KANO STATE POLYTECHNIC.
INPARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
DECEMBER, 2018.
DECLARATION
This project work is authentic and it is a product of my own effort under the supervision of MALAMA SADIYA AMINU of the Department of Library and Information Science. It has never been submitted for any other course in this institution or any other institution. All literatures and contribution cited are fully acknowledged.
GAMBO SULAIMAN DIP/LIS/16/007
SIGN………………………… DATE…………………….
MUBARAK SANI IBRAHIM DIP/LIS/16/023
SIGN………………………… DATE…………………….
RUKAYYA AUWAL SANI DIP/LIS/16/033
SIGN………………………… DATE…………………….
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research project has been reached and approved by the project supervisor for the fulfillment for the award of Diploma in Library and Information Science.
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
NAME………………………………………………………………………………
SIGN……………………………….……DATE…………………………………..
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
NAME………………………………………………………………………………
SIGN…………………………………… DATE…………………………………
DEAN OF FACULTY
NAME………………………………………………………………………………
SIGN……………………………….……DATE…………………………………..
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to Almighty Allah who gave us the opportunity to finish our study successfully and also our respective parents, our entire course mates as well as our respective Lecturers who guided and helped us through our study period, May Almighty Allah reward them Abundantly.
ACKNOWLADGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious the most merciful Praise be to Allah, master of the day of judgment, you alone we do worship and you alone we implore for help. Peace and blessing upon to prophet Muhammad (S.A.W).
We wish to express our profound gratitude and appreciation to project supervisor Malama Sadiya Aminu for her support encouragement and contribution toward this research project, may Almighty Allah have mercy on her ameen.
I, Gambo Sulaiman (Ashabul Khafi) wish to thank my Mother for her guidance and protection; and to also my Brothers Alhaji Abdulhadi Hashim and Hassan Sulaiman.
I, Mubarak Sani Ibrahim wish to dedicate this work to my late mother Hannatu Ibrahim and my Siblings and relatives
I, Rukayya Sani wishe to thanks and dedicate this work to my mother, Asma’u Abubakar and my family and friends.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ……………………………………………………… i - ii
Declaration …………………………………………………… iii
Approval Page ………………………………………………… iv
Dedication …………………………………………………….. v
Acknowledgement …………………………………………… vi - vii
Abstract ………………………………………………………… viii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction……………………………………………… 1 - 5
Statement of the problem……………………………... 5 - 6
Objectives of the study…………………………………. 7
Significance of the study………………………………. 7
Research questions……………………………………… 8
Scope and limitations…………………………………… 8 - 9
Definition of terms……………………………………….. 9 - 11
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review………………………………………… 12
Introduction………………………………………………. 12 - 24
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology……………………………………………. 25
Research design………………………………………… 25
Population of the study………………………………. 26
Sample and sampling techniques………………….. 26
Instrument for data collection………………………. 26 - 29
Method of data collection and analysis.………….. 30
CHAPTER FOUR
Result and discussion……………………………….. 31
Introduction……………………………………………. 31 - 38
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation, and Ref. 39
Summary………………………………………………… 39 - 40
Conclusion……………………………………………… 40
Recommendation……………………………………… 41
Reference………………………………………………... 43
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The library is a social institution established with the some responsibilities of organization, storage, acquisition, preservation and dissemination of all forms of information regardless of formed. In view of the above Procter (2008) noted that:-
Right form the advent of civilization, libraries have been seen and recognized as one of the important agent of civilization. The library of assurbanipal in nineve during the days of clay Tablets was a significant reference point for information storage and that salvation for the wise
Men of that time also the red temple library of utuk dating 3000 BC was valuable information centre
From the above evidently, there has been a rapid and continuous development of library and their services brought about by the societal quest for knowledge.
Gothenburg invented of the primary movable press in 1450 according to library historians which has actually improve and increase the number of printed book for circulation. As a result, libraries are becoming larger and numerous such that growth of libraries has equaled the world growth of knowledge, development, researchers and March for democratization, and culture that engulfed the world since the first world (Kimberly, 2004).
The need for library automation becomes necessary, some key factors as noted by Kimberly (2004) that contribution to embracing library automation is that its evidently clear that the traditional methods of handling volumes of information are increasingly inadequate for proper information services. This is to say that, the speed needed for such information to make available to patrons cannot be handling manually. The bulk and the most significant is the growth rate of that information already known as information explosion salmon (2005) assert that:-
In the 1930s the traditional methods for handling the volumes of information become cumbersome and inadequate. The net effect of this on storage and netrienual of information attracted increasing
Attention of some early information workers like ralph parker who installed a hollenth punched card system for circulation control the era experienced some inadequacies and limitations which gave room to serious consideration for the application of modern information technology in performing some basic functions of the library such as preservation, storage and information disseminations. With the advent of computer however as noted by James (2000) a great deal of speed was added to library services in academic library then
Computer is a one of the modern technologies employed by libraries to provide rapid information service. Computer is defined by Longman dictionary of contemporary English (2000) as ‘’an electronic calculating machine that can store, and recall information and machine not just capable of performing mathematical computations but also manipulating character and storing them. The use of computer as obtainable in many universities across the world has afforded student an online processing, the procedure which guarantees easy and direct access to required information.
Library automation in the university which is simply defined as the application of computer and other forms of modern technologies to academic library services is of great advantage to the librarians in terms of increased productively, elimination of authentic information for better planning and decision making. Despite the advantages of automation of academic libraries, the process is bedeviled with a lot of challenge as well as requirements. It is against this background that the study is undertaken in order to examine automation requirements and challenges for automation of universities libraries with emphasis on Kano state university of science and technology wudil, Kano state, Nigeria.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KANO STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WUDIL
The major process of establishing Kano state university of technology wudil (KUT) started in 1988 when Kano state government set up a task force committee under the chairmanship of professor IBRAHIM.H.UMAR, he rest while vice clean cellar of bayero university, Kano. The task force committee submitted if report in February.1989, recommending the establishment of the university at bagauda like hotel, about 50 kilometers south of Kano. Subsequent to the report the Kano state government set up a technical committee. The technical committee was inaugurated in July, 1989 and was chaired by ALHAJI ABDULKARIM HASSAN, the then director of the school management in the Kano state ministry of education.
As a result of the report of the technical committee and with minimum academic standards of the national universities commission (NUC) being met, the state government applied for approval in 1991 to establish the university. The honorable minister of education In a letter reference SU/94/1/12 of December, 1991, granted the approval for the establishment of the university. An edict was signed into law by the then Kano state military governor, Colonel Idris Garba. In 1991 establishing the university Consequent upon this, an eleventh member implementation committee, under the chairmanship of professor Ibrahim .h. Umar, was appointed and assigned the responsibility of preparing grounds for the smooth take off of the university in October, 1991. On 27th December 1991, a covering council, consisting of eight members, with Alhaji hafiz s. wali as chairman and pro chairman, was appointed by the then military government to take charge of the affairs of the university. Alhaji Abdulkarim Hassan was also appointed as register of the university. The tenure of the council was short lived because of change in administration in the state. However, after a short after a short period of inactivity in the university The pro chancellor was appointed protein vice chancellor and a new council carried out various activities for the takeoff of the university up to March, 1995. The Kano state government, in a letter 100.INSP/SP/V-1/235 of 24th march, 1995 decided to suspend further development on the university due to paucity of funds for the takeoff of the project. A planning unit was, however established in the Kano state ministry of education to take custody of all documents relating to the university and to serve as a bridge for the continuity of the project once state finance improve.
The Kano state executive council accepted the recommendation. Subsequently, his excellency, the former executive governor of the state Dr. Rabiu Musa kwankwaso appointed 11 member implementation committee, under the chairmanship of the then dean faculty of technology, bayero university Kano, professor Umar Garba Danbatta, he then Became AG. Vice chancellor of the university (KUST)
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
An attempt to automate Kano state university of science and technology is presently ongoing But, just as the case is with several Nigerian university a lot of challenges are identified to lack of full automation of university library in Nigeria is monetary challenges in addition to other requirements such as manpower training, spare parts issues, users education among other, this research is undertaken in order to find out if the Kano state university of science and technology fulfill the minimum requirement needed for library automation as well as to find out the challenges the university may likely face in its effort to automate the library.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The questions this research work seeks to answer are:-
What is the extent of computer availability in the Kano state university of science and technology library?
What are the problems to the application of computer in the library?
What are the specific areas to which computer are applied to the operations of the university library?
What is the challenge faced by the university library in its attempt to automate the library?
What are the possible solutions to the identified problems
OBLECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To examine the extent of availability of computer technology, in Kano state university of science and technology.
To find out the effect of library automation program on the services of the library under study.
To examine the areas in which computer technology is applied in the university.
To identify the problem if any associated with the automation of Kano University of science and technology wudil library.
To come up with suggestions on how the problems could be overcome or solved.
1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The finding, conclusion as well as the recommendations that would emanate from this research will be highly significant to the Kano state government. Management of Kano State University of Science and Technology Student and Researchers this is because;
The government might hopefully use the research for policy and decision making with regards to improving the funding of the university.
The university management will use the research to gauge how effective is the provisions of library services and the automation of such services In order to determine how to improve automation of the library.
Student and researchers will find the research useful with their researcher and for study, as well as further research in this topic. For it will provide a valuable literature that can be used as a reference.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study specifically focuses on automation requirements and challenges of university library; in other word, it seeks to find out the requirement for library automation and the challenges of automating academic library. This means that the research only focuses on automation activities that are carried out by the university library and how library automation helps in carrying out these activities. The study is limited to Kano state university of science and technology, wudil, Kano. The research could have covered more university libraries but for the constraint of time and finances on the distribution and collection of research instruments it limits itself to Kano state university of science and technology.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
-AUTOMATION: - this refers to the application of computer technology and other ICTS to library operation.
-ACADEMIS LIBRARY: - this is the library that is attended to an institution of higher learning most especially a university.
1.9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
These sections present discussion the following headings:
Research design.
Population of the study.
Sampling techniques and sample size.
Data collection instrument.
Administration of research instrument.
Data analysis technique.
1.9.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative research methodology will be employed for the purpose of this study. According to Lincoln and guba (1985), qualitative observational technique is applied in the research resulting in a maintained that qualitative research describe life worlds from inside out, from the point of view of people who participate and by so doing seeks to contribute to a better understanding of social realities and to drown attention to processes, meaning pattern and structural features. The choice of this technique is to enable the research collect data from interviewing the respondent a well as carry out direct observation on the field (best and khan 2003).
NARRATIVE BASED RESEARCH DESIGN
Narrative based research design will be employed in conducting this research; this is because the topic under research deserves a practical approach to investigation as it is basically on the automation requirement and challenges of Nigerian Libraries. It will require an eye witness consultation of the KUST main official libraries and some departmental libraries. It will also require an interview with the KUT library key official and other staff in the different part of library.
It will also require an interview with the KUT library key official and other staff in the different part of the library.
It will also require the used printed interviewing paper in order to have a direct discussion with the library personal in writing form.
1.9.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
Population simply refers to the objects (living or non-living) which are related to the variables under investigation by sharing processing at least one common characteristic with the variables. According to Bello (2009) population is ‘’that group about which the researcher is interested in gaining information and drawing conclusion’’ such as, the population for this study will include the head of the library, the head of automation unit. The head of audio visual unit and reference unit, this is because one cannot be sure of collecting the require information for more user of the library would provide the needed information to conduct this research work.
1.9.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLING SIZE.
The sampling techniques that will be adopted for this research is the purposive sampling as one which involves a purposive or deliberate selection of particular unit of the universe sampling will enable the researcher to save time, effort and money in conducting the research although the samples have to be reprehensively valid (Bichi 2004).
Sampling is a patron of the total population under study. According to arwokeni (2003) sample refers to the study similarly. Adogbo (2003) defined sample as the process of selecting a small part of a given population in people for the research.
In sample size one can never determine the exact number of cases of automation requirement and challenge without statistical data, one has to get a fraction or a segment of the population that will represent the whole areas of study. Therefore, a sample size of 4 librarians will be interviewed to obtain their view on automation requirement and challenges of Nigerian libraries.
1.9.4 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
The data collection instrument that will be used for this study is interview and structured interview in particular as well as observation
INTERVIEW
Akuezuilo (2002), defined interview as ‘’an oral interview in which one person (the interview) asks another person (the interviewee and khan is conmen, manion and Morrison (2007) asserted that interview is a two person conversation initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research relevant information and focused by him on content specified by research objectives of systematic description prediction or explanation. It is such, the structured interview. Which will be used to elicit significant information from the respondent (akuezuvilo 2002) However, the reason for using this researcher elicit certain type of confidential information from the answer and when appreciate, seeks follow up information (leading and skills).
The respondents for the purpose of the research the interview will also allow the researcher to explain more clearly the purpose of the researcher to obtain the exact information required in case there is any misinterpretation because the researcher will be able to seek clarifying questions. Thus the interview will allow the researcher to gather information in much greater depth for the purpose of the research.
The researcher will use note taking as a means of recording responses. This involves jotting down the response during the process of the interview. This collaborate, descombe (2003), who the proved that ‘’ under certain circumstance researcher will need to ready on field notes written soon after the interview or actually during the interview’’. In addition, the researcher will also record the interview process with the respondents. This is to enable the researcher have a backup to replay in case of any missing points or idea.
OBSERVATION
The researcher will also observe the entire valuable under study in the course of the resaech. According to akuezuilo (2002) observation is used to obtained direct information about a phenomenon way of watching the phenomenon. It makes the researcher to see firsthand the objects, person or situation being absented.as such the research will absent the condition of the libraries under study.
1.9.5 ADMINISTRATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
In order to gather accurate data for this study, the researcher will conduct face to face interview with the respondent face to face interviews have the distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to establish rapport with the potential participants and therefore; gain their cooperation’s, thus, such interviews yield the highest responses rates (leedy and ellis 2005). Face to face interview also allows the researcher to clarity ambiguous.
1.9.6 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
The information that will be obtained from the research will be analyzed using descriptive analysis
REFERENCES
James, R.S (2000) computerization of academic library: way forward. Retrieved from http:/www.iosrioumals.org
Kimber , R.T. (2004) automation in libraries. Oxford: pergamon press.
Longman dictionary of current English (2000) London: Longman publisher.
Procter .w .m. (2008) automated acquisition system in Colorado: a survey, Colorado libraries.10(2).p9’
Salmon, LT (2005) library automation. Library and technology science journal.17 (2).
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION.
The review of the literature was carried out under the following heading:
2.2 The concept and significance of automation for libraries.
2.3 availability of computer in university libraries.
2.4 areas of computer application in university libraries.
2.5 effects of library automation in university libraries.
2.6 challenges of automation in university libraries.
2.7 possible measures to address the challenge of automation of university libraries.
2.8 summary of the review.
2.2 THE CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AUTOMATION TO LIBRARIES
According to rook (2006), automation generally, is the automation as opposed to human. Operation of process, equipment, or system, or the techniques and equipment used to achieve this. This he added that in libraries; automation refers to functions such as circulation, cataloging, or acquisition. This implies that, he use of computer and other ices in normal manual library operation is what is refers to as automation. In support of this Nwola (2003) posited that library automation involved he full application in computer routines hitherto manually performed. Jegede (1985), terms library automation as the application of computer and other related technologies to library routines and services with a view of speedy delivery of information to places where it is needed.
Morghalani (1997), remarks it as a term, which encompasses the notion of application of technologies to information handling (generation, storage, processing, retrieval and dissemination).
Fatuyi (1999) views automation as ‘’ the use of the computer to efficiently acquire, store, retrieve and disseminate information to library user at a faster rate. He further adds that automation, as it implies is the application of automatic and semi-automatic data processing machines to perform library routines, due to larger amount of data requiring processing, coupled with the increasing demands made from library user. To summarize, library automation is application of modern technology to information handling in libraries from collection development to delivery of all knowledge products and services to its patrons and clients in an efficient and effective way.
JUSTIFICATION FOR AUTOMATION OF LIBRARIES
The rational for library automation can be summarized as; the inadequacy of traditional library service and tools in coping with the detailed requirements of identifying information pertinent to a given problem has forced libraries to automate their functional service areas (Muhammad, 2006).
The rise in the volume of publications and its concomitant problem of infection explosion in every field has made it impossible for any library to employ traditional techniques but to shift to library automation techniques and tools.
The continuing decrease in the purchasing power due to shrinking library budgets as well as the inflationary trends in publishing industries in the development of countries Nigeria inductive. Cells for libraries to automate their functional service areas which would subsequently give room for libraries to easily develop a networking venture among themselves.
The greater expectation and change in library user patterns of information seeking strategy and more sophistication in the demand made to the library, forces planners to switch over to new interfaces of knowledge delivery, dissemination and seeking paths.
-Needs for more in depth range of services to the teaming users of the library.
-computerized information services offer the advantage of increasing errors and omissions. Besides providing reliable, competent and accurate information.
Abubakar (2006) observes that automation in libraries permits decentralized access to records and information. It help in cost reduction in running library as viewed by Dan isa (2004), he further argues that library services is very labor intensive where two thirds of library’s budget usually goes for labor and pleads that since machines can be made more cost effective in a way that human beings cannot, it appears inexorable that the cost of labor will tend to increase relative to other costs.
Nwalo (2003) enumerated the significance of library automation in Nigerian university to include among other:
It will help to improve library services.
Automation of the library processes can enhance the library reputation.
It can provide libraries with management information.
It can help the libraries in reporting on other various operation of the library
Tasks can be completed more accurately and quickly with increased control.
Increase demand for service can be counter balance with improved productivity especially with either static or declining budget resources.
It can facilitate cooperation between libraries.
It can provide a means to offer new improved service to patrons.
It may obviate the need to hire additional staff with the increased demand for services’
From the forgiving, the researcher is of the opinion that the automation of Kano state university of science and technology library, wudil, is becomes more pertinent.
2.3. AVAILABILITITY OF COMPUTER IN UNIVERSITIES LIBRARIES.
By Enyia (2001) these computer even when provided in university libraries is not usually enough to meet the need of the user, and often times, such computer s are not usually good crashes as a result of lack of maintenance and corruption. In view of enyia assertion above the researcher observed that most computers supply to academic libraries is not enough in comparison to the total number of student who patronize the library.
2.4. AREA OF COMOUTER APPLICATION IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES.
A modern academic library cannot be imagined without the application of computers in the library. Computers can be used for performing efficiently all sorts of jobs from the procurement of reading materials to their organization and use. A university like Kano state university of science and technology need to automation the library by applying computers and other information and communication technology in its operations in order for it to improved services to its clients.
The library renders the following services:-
Reference and information services.
Online public access catalogue.
Literature searching using more editors.
It is worthy to note that these services are still in the infancy state in Kano state university of science and technology.
2.5. EFFECTS OF LIBRARIES AUTOMATION IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES.
Studies of office, industrial, and library automation report that automation has the greatest impact on staff in the lower levels of the organization where the work is routine; and less impact at the top where authority and decision making are concentrated (laraske, 1978; zuboff, 1982,1985,1988; shiff, 1983; Atkinson, 1984; diebold, 1984; freedman, 1982; roscow, 1984; dakshinamurtt, 1985; waters, 1985,1986,1988,1989; caudle & newcome ,1986; lynch & verdin, 1986; horny, 1987; Bergen, 1988; decklerk & euster, 1989; jones, 1989; forester, 1989; harris et al,1989; hoer et al, 1989; long,1989; olsgaard, 1989; simth, 1989; prentice, 1990).
The literature suggests that the positive effects of automation are:
A reduction in repetitive work an tedious procedures.
An increase in skill level.
Possibly higher job satisfaction.
An increase in the variety of tasks.
Greater flexibility.
It’s worse, the impact of the quality of automation on employees, especially lower level employees, can result in:
The degradation of the quality of working life;
Lower self-esteem and staff morals.
The decline in interpersonal communication and client relations.
An increase of employee stress, depersonalization, and boredom.
Lower job satisfaction.
The loss of control over the pace of ones work and organizational function.
However, the research does not indicate whether the introduction of information technology will have either a positive impact on employees in an organization. Instead shows that the impact of technology depends on the how and why it is used, rather than other technology itself.
Faced with a dearth of library research in this area, a case study was devised to investigate the effects of automation on library employees. The case study was carried out at a campus library of a multi campus tertiary institution over the course of 16 month (from May 1990 august 1991), when the library implemented an integrated turkey automate system. The system replaced the libraries manual system catalogue, circulation, hold and reserve loans thereby dramatically changing the work of some of the library staff.
The study particularly concentrate on how an integrated, automated library system affected quality of working life, lob satisfaction, client, relation self-esteem, morale, and the pace of work and the control of organizational function, other aspects also considered were staff towards the system. However, due to the limitations of time and place this paper discusses the impact the automated system had on the quality of working life, job satisfaction, client relations, self-esteem and morale.
THE QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE.
Automation has often been accused of affecting the quality of working life because it effectively allows for the deskilling of work. That it is allows tasks to be broken down to their most basic level or replaced by the machine altogether, so that staff need little initiative or skills to carry them out. Furthermore the job becomes very narrow, with very little variety, autonomy, creativity, etc. Therefore, it was important to find out whether staff jobs were deskilled in the automation process. Quality of working life was measured by asking staff about changes in skill and tasks level in their jobs.
The lack of variety in most support staff work also affected the performance of their work. Mistakes, particularly at check in, were made because the assistants found it difficult to concentrate on the screen all the time. It was suggested that these mistakes were due to the support staffs work becoming more abstract with the automation. Zuboff (1988) suggests that employees have great difficulty concentration on tasks that are not only conceptually abstract, but also routine and UN chickening just like the checkout and checking duties. Therefore mistakes occur due to boredom and poor concentration.
The impact of the automated system on the librarians was completely the opposite to that of the support staff, the librarians reported:
-that they had acquired new skills from automation which supplemented their skills in the library (figure 5); and
- That automation had replaced a number of tedious and repetitious tasks and increases the variety, challenge and interest in their work.
These results follow the pattern of the effect of automation on the quality of working life founded in the literature.
The real question is why is the impact of automation on the quality of working life so differentiate the two types of employees? I believe that when one closely examines the nature of librarians work one realizes that their work is not really involved I the automated system. Of course they use the OPAC, but the functions of their work have not been automated. Most of their work is non-routine, indeterminate and requires discretion. Theses aspect of work cannot be automated on the other hand, most of the function of the support stalls work, especially the library assistants, can and have been automated. Therefore the impact is greater.
CLIENT RELATIONS.
A great fear for most library staff when implementing an automated system is the decline in interpersonal and client relations (Bergen, 1988). Support staff particularly fear that client relations will suffer because of the system picking up more infringements, making them seen stricter.
Support staff reported that staff client relations had declined, but not because of the system picking up more infringement. Instead the system has made it easier to deal with patron infringements, not more difficult. This was because the computer took the blame for these things, not the staff; it seemed that support staff client relations have declined for other reasons. Support staff identified the following factors as contributing to the decline in client relation:
The need to concentrate in the screen
The height of the circulation desk.
Staff not being allowed management to help with anything more than general directional queries.
Lack of privilege level.
Staff not dealing with as many borrowers enquires.
The users’ being able to place HOLDS themselves, and system breakdowns.
On the other hand, librarian client relations improved after automation most librarians felt this was because they more positive contend with patrons successfully helping them find materials using the open and showing them how to use the system.
JOB SATISFACTION.
Job satisfaction is the perception that one’s job fulfills or allows fulfillment of ones desires, and needs. Job satisfaction studies of library staff have shown that it is an attitude that is closely linked to aspects of job itself and therefore the quality of working life.
Two factors were seen to contribute to the decline in support staff job satisfaction in the second post automation period (April July 1991). First a Hawthorne effect occurred in the first post automation period (November 1990-march 1991) because the system was new and support staff received a lot of attention from management. However once staff became familiar with the system, management’s attention declined and the novelty of the system wore off. After all there is nothing stimulating in running a high pen ever bar-codes. Second, support staff had very high expectations of automation prior to implementation. This was because staffs were told that automation would solve all their problems and their jobs would be different. The reality was that nothing reality changed. Their jobs were nearly the same as before automation, but with even less variety and challenge. The non-realization of such high expectations led disappointment, anger and frustration, which affected job satisfaction.
SELF-ESTEEM
Self-esteem is the favorable opinion or approval of one’s self that leads to feeling of self-confidence, worth, strength, capability, and of being useful, valuable and necessary to the organization. Self-esteem was measured by asking staff how they felt about their position in the organization and the worth they performed.
All library staff enjoyed a good level of self-esteem before automation. That is, they felt that their jobs were important, and worthwhile, and that they had some degree of autonomy and control over their work. However by the end of July 1991, self-esteem for support staff was lower than before automation, although librarian’s self-esteem remained high. Analysis of the questionnaire and the interviews indicated that, the decline in support staff quality of working life, job satisfaction, and the loss of responsibility and control over their work.
Unlike the support staff the librarians found it easier to identify their output after automation than before it, as shown in figure 10. This is due to the nature of most librarian work. Helping academic staff and students find materials, conducting user education classes, sitting at the information desk answering question etc. does not generally produce any visible signs of work. Although other parts of their work like indexing or ordering, do provide more concrete outcomes.
This change in the librarian’s ability to identify their output was due to the functionality of the system. How the system allows the librarians to see the work they produce is difficult to explain. As they they have difficulty in explaining it. However in information services, they librarians known they are successful in teaching patrons to use the catalogue of:
The dually loans figures.
Satisfying more user enquires by using the OPAC which shows if material is available and where it is available.
Helping lectures plan their units by Zeing able to tell them which looks are before used reserve and how often.
Able to get accurate bibliographies of current material on a subject printed out/or a lectures and student (librarians, April- November 1991).
Zuboff (1988) suggests that this type of occurrence is not unusual after an organization has automate, as information technology has the power to‘’ Symbolically render events, object and processes so that they Become visible, negligible and shareable in a new way’’ (zuboff, 1988,p.9).
MORALE
Morale is a pervading sense of cheerfulness, confidence, excitement, etc. within the worth environment. Staff morale seems to be a function of management policy. The quality of working life and job satisfaction: therefore if will clearly very in different work situations .morale was measure by asking staff about perceived changes in the working environment. Figures 11 and 12 show that before automation most support staff felt that morale had declined, whisecond the librarians were. Unanimous that there had been no change to morale, or that it had increased. The interviewed indicate that this conflicting result could be due to:
A lack of communication between the two group; and or
The different effect automation had on job satisfaction and quality of working life within the two groups.
PERTICIPATION
In addition to being informed, staff must be able to actively participate in the implementation process, ask questions, raise concerns and provide feedback to those implementing the information technology.
CONSULTATION
The whole concept of implementing an automate system revolves around changing the way in which tasks have been done. To maintain staff quality of working life and job satisfaction, it’s not sufficient to superimpose one system on another; due attention must be paid to job design (dyer and Morris 1990, p.185). Management in consultation with staff must design a job that contains all or some of the following element: variety, autonomy, responsibility, feedback and recognition, so local contact, discretion anti control, achievement, and opportunities to learn and develop. As Austen (1987) stated:
‘’ the tendency to try and automate the person must be resisted. It is all too easy to fit the person to the system, rather than to Humanize the system but it is courting trouble!’’ (Austen 1987 p 136).
TRAINING
Besides the initial staff receives in the use of the system, they also need access to appropriate level s of training as and when required. Failure to provide ongoing training may result in lack of interest, frustration and inability of staff to realize the full potential of the system to meet their or the user needs.
SUPPORT
The provision of quality and timely support to staff are having difficulties with the system, allows staff to feed confident that they can use the system to its full potential. If support is not forth-coming, staffs tend to feel they have little or no control over the system. This can lead to frustration and stress as staff doubt their ability to cape with the system.
It is difficult to be more specifics as not enough studies have been done in this area to determine the long term effects of automation on library staff. However, technology cannot determine what choices will be made for what purpose (zubokff 1985, p.6), within the organization, only people can. Consequently, only when system administrators and library managers implement automated system to utilize both technological and human resources to their full potential, will the negative effects of automation on library staff be minimized. As one worker in zuboff in the age of the smart machine (1988) mused,
If you don’t let people and develop and make more decisions, is a waste of human life a waste of human potential. If you don’t use your knowledge and skill. It’s a waste of life. Using the technology to its full. Potential means using the man to his full potential ‘’(zuboff 1988, p.414). in summary the above impact is equally observed in Kano state university of science and technology library.
2.6 CHALLENGES OF AUTOMATION OF UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
Computerization, especially in the developing countries is fraught with challenges. This is also the case with Kano state university of science and technology library.
WAN / LAN
To a large extent, the existence of a university wide area network (WAN) and a local area network (LAN) within the library determines the success of computerization of library services. This is a major challenge to many universities in Nigeria. I here is no reliable LAN in most universities where this exist, it is achieved through surface cabling which the cable to the effects of fire, storm, vandalization etc. in Kano state university of science and technology library, although there is a LAN In the computer room where data entry is occurring, achieving a reliable LAN within the whole library is a herculean task. The library building did not originally in corporate cabling for LAN.
A LAN would have to be achieved through surface cabling with its attendant risks.
COMPUTER LITERACY / EDUCATION
Many of the staff of university libraries is not computer literate. This is a great setback in computerization. Many of the staff is reluctant to jettison their old mindset which resists change many are conservative and traditional and suffer computer phobia. Research results show that, although the use of electronic information increase job satisfaction, confidence, and effectiveness of librarians in their work, lack of technical expertise can be very frustrating to the librarians (Edward, at al, 1995). There is also a lack of technical support. Only one librarian is formally trained to initiate, develop, implement, and maintain computerized applications in the entire university, library system. Those who had been trained gain only limited. Or no access, to the package in which they had been trained. Inquisitive users with it skills cause serious dissatisfaction to the library staff (bii and wanyama, 2001).
POOR STATE OF POWER GENERATION
Regular power generation remains a problem in Nigeria. Frequent power outages constitute a serious bottleneck to automation. The cost of running generating plants is prohibitive.
POOR MAINTENANCE AND UPDATE CULTURE
There is a poor maintenance culture in Nigeria. Universities, particularly in the first generation like Kano state university of science and technology library, have very poor maintenance. The size and complexity of task have almost completely eroded maintenance at Kano state university old science and technology library. This erosion is manifested in the frequent computer and network breakdowns and or failures. Handle the growth of the library data base and ensure fast data entry, retrieval and inquiry through the OPAC, this is need for regular and consistent upgrade of computer facilities.
GETTING USED TO MARC EDITOR
The lack of skill and slow process of automation man that take a very long to become very familiar with the situation is worse for library users, who depend so much on the library staff for orientation and user instruction. Unfortunately, the library orientation program and the entire user education package do not fully address it skills.
POOR FOUNDATION OF LIBRARY SERVICES
Poor founding is a major challenge to libraries in Nigerian. Academic libraries in Nigeria derive their funds from the government. Although the federal budget provision has moved from 5% of the approved recurrent budget for library development to 10% low and unpredictable national income, the effects of global economic depression, and local current devaluation continue to water down whatever budgetary provision is made for academic libraries in Nigeria have not initiated viable income generating strategies to supplement government funding.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Most staff in academic libraries in Nigeria was trained in traditional librarianship. They are finding it difficult to cape with the requirements of the electronic age. Staff training and retraining having not been given a pride of place. Kano state university of science and technology library has initiated computer literacy training for all staff. Which has had a lukewarm reception? This attitude is a great deterrent to the computerization of library services.
These challenges have far-ready effects on the implementation and sustenance of the automation of library services in Kano state university of science and technology.
2.7 POSSIBLE MEASURE TO ADDRESS AND CHALLENGES OF AUTOMATION OF UNIVERSITIES LIBRARIES
1. PROVISION OF GOOD NETWORK.
The university should ensure that services are gotten from good service provider, and that such service should cover the entire school not just the library.
2. REGULAR TRAINING OG LIBRARIANS
This will ensure that the staff could be able to use the different ICTS without much problem and in turn be able to train users on how to go about using them.
3. IMPROVE PROVISION OF ELECTRICITY
Alternative source of power should be provided rather than out right dependent on general, for example, solar could be used to power most of the ICTS.
4. USERS EDUCATION AND ORIENTATION PROGRAM
The library should devised means of educating users on paper way of handling ICTS, and on whom to contact where users are at lost on what to do.
2.8 SUMMSRY OF THE REVIEW
From the above literature review we can deduced the following:
Automation refers to the application of the library operation and services.
Automation has an impact on libraries and even the patrons.
Automation is of great advantage to any library this is because it increases efficiency and effectiveness of librarians.
Automation of library like of Kano state university of science and technology is challenging.
REFERENCES
Abolaji .J.A (2000). Automation of cataloging processes in Nigerian libraries: the experience of Hezekiah oluwasanmu library
Obafemi awolawo university. Ile-ife. Algerian libraries, 34(2):1.7.
Abubakar, iya (1971). ‘’The library and the computer’’, annual conference lecture delivered at the both nigerian library association, jos.
Agboola,A.T (2002)’’ the new library building of the university of agriculture, abeolcata, Nigeria’’, new library world,96 (1122), pp.23-40.
Elepenyong, geargina D. (1997). ‘’Automating a large library in Nigeria: the story so far’’, new library world. 28 (1134).pp.106-110.
Harrison kibetbii and partrida wanyama (2001) automation and its impact on the job. Satisfaction among the staff of the Margaret: thatcher library, moi university library management, vol.22,100.617,pp 303-310.
Ifldon,B, okoli, H. and godvin N., (2002) 40 years of academic and research library service to Nigerian: past, present, and future. Paper presented at the 40th Nigeria library association.ASCON, badagry, pp.22-33.
Khalid, H.M.(2000) cooperation and networking in library and informantion systems of advanced countries: a framework for countries with less developed system; library review, vol.49 nos. land 2,pp.57-63.
Fang, jinhang (2001). The new face of academic libraries in mainland china as they enter the twenty- first century: library management vol,22, nos. 45,pp 181-186.
Kent, A, and lancour, H.(2006) encyclopedia of library and information science. New york: mercy dekker.
Merkuson, E.B. (2000) guidelines for library automation: new york: pergemouse press.
Richard,k. (2008) Automation : new york : pregemouse press.
Tewd .L, (2000) library automation: Sydney. Pearson publisher.
Walter, B. (2001) automation: its impact on business and poverty Helsinki: green wood press.
CHAPTER THREE
DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the data gathered in the course of this research work and also presents the analysis and discussion of such data. The data hereby analyses descriptively.
3.2. RESPONSE RATE
Four copies of structured interviews were administered to the four selected respondents and all the interview questions were responded to, by all the four respondents.
3.3. DATA PRESENTATION OF ANALYSIS
For the sake of clarity and case of understanding, the respondents for the study will be represented with the following codes.
Head of the library : H1
Head of the Audio visual unit : H2
Head of reference unit : H3
Head of presence unit : H4
Interview and responses are therefore presented below:-
Question: Qualification of the respondents
Responses: H1 revealed having a doctorate degree in library and information science, while H2 and H3 were of the opinion that their highest qualification is a master degree and H4 also stated that the first degree was his highest qualification. This is shows that all the respondents are educated enough to give reliable data.
Question: Years of experience
Responses: H1 stated that she has being serving the library for about eight years, H2 also revealed that he has six years’ experience in the library presently while H3 and H4 were found to have been working with the library for five years respectively. Based on the above findings, it is important to state that, he various respondents have worked in the library for reasonable number of years and can therefore provide reliable data about automation system in the library.
Question: Rank/post of respondents.
Response: H1 revealed that she is the chief librarian of the library, H3 and H4 are all heads of automation unit, audio-visual and reference unit respectively. This therefore suggests that the data for this study are gathered from key and knowledgeable staff of the library. It is also important to suggest here that the respondents for the study are various head of the unit affected by automation in the library.
Question: Availability of computer in the library.
Response: H1 stated that there are computer available in the library, H2 also revealed that computers are made available in the library while H3 and H4 also revealed that there are computers available in the library.
Question: years of using computers for library operation in the library.
Response: when asked about the years of using computers for library operation in the library, it was revealed by H1 that the computers are in use for about eight years now. On the other hand H2 stated that the library has been using computers for library operation for up to six years, while H3 and H4 state that, they have witnessed the use of computers for library operation for five years respectively. Critically going by the above findings it can be state that all the respondents have witnessed the use of computers for library operation from their first day as staff.
Question: operations done with the computers
Response: on the kinds of operation done with the computers, H1 responded that the computers are used for administrative and research related activities, H2 is of the view that computers in the library are used for research and information delivery, H3 revealed that computers are used for record management and H4 stated that computers are used for answering users questions and conducting research. Based on the findings it can be stated that computers are used for numerous task in the library which includes:
Administrative task
Research and information delivery
Record management and
Answering question and research
Question: level of automation in the library
Response: H1 is of the view that seventy percent of the library operations are automated, H2 has a similar nation when he stated that all the section in the library are automated, similarly H3 is of the opinion that automation exist but it does not cover the entire operation i.e. partial automation and H4 having a supportive view stated that there are computers in all the section of the library but not all the computers are connected and used. The views above bring us to conclude that the library is automated but not fully automated.
Questioner: challenges faced by the library in an attempt to automate the library.
Response: H1 revealed that, challenges affecting full automation of the library includes acquitting the staff on the required technical know-how of operating the computers finance for maintenance and users attitudes, H2 however added that lack of infrastructures and fund for maintenance, power instability are also problems affecting the automation system, as for H3, the problems includes: power failure, student habit toward technology and H4 has a similar nation to the H1,H2 and H3 above when he stated that lack of fund, space, connectivity problem, technical knowhow needed to operate the computer by both staff and users and epileptic power supply, are the problems hindering the smooth operation of automation in the library.
Question: measures taken to overcome some of the challenges
Response: on the measures taken to overcome the stated challenges, H1 responded that: presently they are the process of adopting and installing WAN and LAN in the library and the school at large, they also sent a proposal to the university management to approve the establishment of ICT training center in the library, he further stated that they are working toward establishing a source of fund for maintenance and other task. Similarly, H2 noted that to address the challenges, they are now going for more training in ICT related fields soliciting for assistance so as to provide more infrastructure that are ICT related. Furthermore, H3 revealed that staff training and retraining, provision of stand by generator etc. are some of the measure taken to address the challenges faced. However, similar to the above stated views H4 responded that soliciting for fund through the library management, employing expert to install and manage WAN and LAN is part of the measures already taken to address the problem.
Other related comment not captured in the interview
Response: H1 commented that some staff has negative attitude toward ICT and automation is not just the present of computers in the library but also the use of such computers for information work. H2 made a comment about the future expectation of the library and he stated that in term of automation of the library and to even make it paperless. While H3 and H4 declined to make any comment.
3.4. DISCUSSION OF PRESENTED DATA
The data collected in the course of the interview have revealed that, of the respondents interviewed, one is a doctorate degree holder, two are master’s degree holder and only one is a first degree holder, based on this findings, it is important to state that the data collected are reliable due to the fact that all the respondents are professionals in the field of library studies. This study further revealed that all the respondents are experienced enough to provide reliable data as they have experiences ranging from eight, six and five years respectively from the chief librarian to other heads of the unit.
Moreover, the study also revealed that there are computers in the library as stated by all the respondents, on the other hand, the chief librarian stated that computers has been. In used for about six years while both heads of audio-visual and reference are of the view that the library has adopt the use of computers only for about five years both respondents also revealed that computers are used for the purpose of administrative duties, research, answering users query, record management and other minor information works.
Once more, based on the data gathered it is important to state that the library under study is not fully automated but has most of it section covered by automation. However, the challenges hindering the automation of libraries include: inability of staff to properly operate and maintain computers, epileptic power supply, and inadequate fund to maintain the computers, as well as user’s habit towards the computers. Due to the above stated problems, the following measurers can address the problems.
Provision of more automation aided facilities like LAN and WAJN, training and retraining of worker, duplication of sources of fund to reduce over reliability on the university management for fund, provision of stand by generators as well as ensuring continuous maintenance of the computers and other facilities.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Challenges faced by the following library in an attempt to automate the library.
Response: H1 revealed that challenges affecting full automation on of the library include acquiring the staff on the technical know-how operation the compute ring finance for automation and users attitudes
Materials
Respondent
%
Computer
-
8.6
67 %
Operating systems
Staff
-
2.7
7 %
Routing
Users
-
3.0
8 %
Day by day users
Automation
-
4.6
13 %
Technical
1.6
5 %
Users in
Total
-
100
100 %
The total numbers of operating system in computer operating in automation is 8.6 which is taken 67% on top the routing in day by day activities
White the staff were taken 2.7 which is given 7% routing within the automation areas
And users take 3.0 in day by day using automation system which taking 8% that is 3.0 in automation here given us 4.6 that is 13% in advanced.
The technical areas when the look at the diagram it give us 1.6 that is 5% out of the total numbers where find in the diagram.
The problems is includes power failure, student habit toward technology and similar notion to the above stated that lack of funds spoke connectivity problems. Computers by both staff and users and epileptic power supply are the problems hindering the smooth operation automation in the library.
CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 SUMMARY
In chapter one, this research briefly provided an explanation of library as a social institution established with the sole responsibilities of organization storage, acquisition, perspective and dissemination of all forms of information regardless of format.
Also included in this chapter is the history of Kano state university of science and technology wudil (KUT) statement of the problem, research questions, objectives of the study, significant of the study, scope and limitation of the study and operation definition of terms and reference in chapter two. The research branded the concept and significant of automation for libraries, availability of computer in universities libraries. Challenges of automation of university libraries, possible measures to address the challenges of automation of universities libraries and summary of the review chapter three of the study, sampling technique and sample size, data collection instrument, administration of research instrument and data analysis.
Chapter four, presents the result of the interview conducted data gathered are further discussed for easy understanding.
Chapter five deals with the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
4.2 CONCLUSION
The need for library automation becomes necessary, some key factors that contributed to embracing library automation is that it is evidently clear that traditional method is of handling volumes of information are increasingly inadequate for proper information services this is to say that, the efficiency for processing information manually cannot be compared with that of automated processing. The bulk and the most significant is the growth rate of the information already known as information explosion. Library automation in the university is the application of computer and other forms of modern technologies as academic library services is of great advantage to the librarians in terms of increased productivity, elimination of slow manually routine clerical operations, facilitating collection of authentic information for better planning and decision making
Despite the advantage of automation in academic libraries, the process is deviled with a lot of challenges. The academic library of KUT is an ongoing step in automation of the library processes but these challenges gave it a hard time to achieve what plan is for. Despite the challenges there has been a good measured taken to tackle the challenges, with a good look at the measures taken, one can conclude that the Kano state university of science and technology (KUT) has reached the minimum requirements for automation.
4.3 RECOMMENDATION
Based on the research findings, the following recommendations are raised so as to tackle the challenges facing automation of academic libraries.
Availability of computer technology in KUT should be improved to accommodate all sections in the library.
The application of computer technology in KUT should be done to cover areas in the library.
There should be appropriate measures taken to maximize benefits of automation in library operations and to also reduce likely negative effect that may occur.
Adequate maintenance strategies should be adopted on regular basis to help with the maintenance of the entire automated system in order to promote the durability of such systems
The University library should appoint a permanent IT professionals to oversees the affairs of the automated system an identifies the exact time for upgrades of the automated system.
The University should make a course in computer applications mandatory to all admitted students in the university; this will help them with the fundamental knowledge needed to be able use the automated system provided.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abubakar, iya (1971). ‘’the library and the computer’’, annual conference lecture
Delivered at the 10th Nigerian library association, jos.
Ayboola, A.T. (2002) the new library building of the university of agriculture,
Abeokuta, Nigeria, new library world, 96 (1122), pp.23-40
Akanbi, A.A. (2006) Research method for business studies. Kano: Bolade press
and publisher
Akuezuilo, E.O. (2002). Research and statistics, akwa: Nuel cent publisher and.
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Practice hail
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Denscombe, M. (2003). The good research guide for small-scale social research
Project-2 ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Edwards, C.,etal (1995) impel project: the impact on people of electronic
Libraries: Aslih proceedings, vol.47 N0.9, pp.zob.8
Ekpenyong, Georgina D. (1997). ‘’Automating a large in Nigeria: the story so far’’: New library world. 28 (1134).pp.106-110
Experience of Hezekiah Oluwasanmi library. Obafemi Awolowo University, he-
ife. Aligerian libraries, 34 (2): 1-7.
Fang, Jinhong (2001) the new face of academic libraries in mainland china as
They enter the twenty first century: library management, vol- 22,nos.45,pp 181-186
Harrison Kibetbii and Patrick wanyama (2001) automation and its impact on the
Job satisfaction among the staff of the Margaret Thatcher library, moi University library management, vol.22, No.617, pp.303-310
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Appendix I
Kano State Polytechnic,
School of General Studies,
Department of Library and Info. Science,
P.M.B 7908,
Kano State.
Date:
The Chief Librarian,
Kano State University of Science and Technology, Wudil,
Kano State
Dear Respondents,
As part of the requirement for the award of diploma in library and information science from Kano state polytechnic, we are undertaking a research titled ‘’Automation Requirements and challenge of Nigeria library: A case of study of Kano state university of science and technology wudil’’.
We will be grateful if you complete the attached questionnaire, the information given shall be treated as confidential and will be used only for the purpose of this research.
Thank You.
Yours Faithfully,
Gambo Sulaiman
Mubarak Sani Ibrahim
Rukayya Sani
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION (A) BIODATA
Sex: (a) Male ( ) (b) Female ( )
Age: (a) 18-24 ( ) (b) 25-35 ( )
For how long have you been working in the library?
1-5 ( ) (b) 6-10 ( ) (c) 11-15 ( ) (d) 16 & above ( )
What is your highest qualification?
Primary Leaving Certificate ( ) (b) WASSCE/GCE ( )
Diploma ( ) (d) Degree (e) Masters & PhD ( )
SECTION (B)
AUTOMATION REQUIREMENT AND CHALLENGES OF NIGERIAN LIBRARIES
Does your library practice automaton?
Yes ( ) (b) No ( )
If your Answer to (5) above is yes, what is the efficiency?
0-25% ( ) (b) 25%-50% ( ) (c) 50-75% ( ) (d) more than 75% ( )
What is the total number of computer do you have in the library?
Less than 10 ( ) (b) 10-30 ( ) (c) More than 30 ( )
Are there Faulty Computers?
Yes ( ) (b) No ( )
If your Answer to (8) above is yes, what is the percentage of the faulty ones/
What is the measure adopted to preserve these computers?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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